failover - определение. Что такое failover
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Что (кто) такое failover - определение

AUTOMATIC SWITCHING TO A STANDBY COMPUTER SYSTEM OR COMPONENT UPON THE FAILURE OF A PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE SYSTEM OR COMPONENT
Fail over; Failback; Failover services; Fail-over; Failover Cluster

failover         
<reliability> Automatically switching to a different, redundant system upon failure or abnormal termination of the currently active system. Failover can be applied to a cluster of servers, to network or storage components or any other set of redundant devices that must provide {high availability} because down-time would be expensive or inconvenient. It may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination. A "hot standby" is continuously active at the same time as the failed system, using some kind of load balancing to share the work, whereas a "warm standby" is ready to become active at short notice. When the failed system is operational again it may "failback", i.e. become (one of) the active system(s) or it may become a warm standby. (2008-01-15)
Failover         
Failover is switching to a redundant or standby computer server, system, hardware component or network upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active application,
failback         

Википедия

Failover

Failover is switching to a redundant or standby computer server, system, hardware component or network upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active application, server, system, hardware component, or network in a computer network. Failover and switchover are essentially the same operation, except that failover is automatic and usually operates without warning, while switchover requires human intervention.

Systems designers usually provide failover capability in servers, systems or networks requiring near-continuous availability and a high degree of reliability.

At the server level, failover automation usually uses a "heartbeat" system that connects two servers, either through using a separate cable (for example, RS-232 serial ports/cable) or a network connection. In the most common design, as long as a regular "pulse" or "heartbeat" continues between the main server and the second server, the second server will not bring its systems online; however a few systems actively use all servers and can failover their work to remaining servers after a failure. There may also be a third "spare parts" server that has running spare components for "hot" switching to prevent downtime. The second server takes over the work of the first as soon as it detects an alteration in the "heartbeat" of the first machine. Some systems have the ability to send a notification of failover.

Certain systems, intentionally, do not failover entirely automatically, but require human intervention. This "automated with manual approval" configuration runs automatically once a human has approved the failover.

Failback is the process of restoring a system, component, or service previously in a state of failure back to its original, working state, and having the standby system go from functioning back to standby.

The use of virtualization software has allowed failover practices to become less reliant on physical hardware through the process referred to as migration in which a running virtual machine is moved from one physical host to another, with little or no disruption in service.